Comparison and Contrast Between A Computer and A Laptop

            Nowadays, development of technology is raising fast. In the 20^th century, people has been familiar with computers. A computer is a machine that performs tasks, such as calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions called a program. Recently, there is a portable computer which is called a laptop. Besides the difference between a computer and a laptop based on their shape, actually they are much similar in terms of the components and programs.

            First, let us think about the physical appearance of the two machines. A computer has a monitor in one square part likes TV, a keyboard in one board, a mouse, and also speaker. All of the parts stand on its own shape. On the other hand, a laptop has all of the parts too , but in two layers. One layer consists of the keyboard, speaker and a small part surface which has the sense of touch as the mouse in a computer. The other layer works as the monitor. Shortly, from this side, computers and laptops have different shape, in which a computer consists of many independet parts and a laptop has a simpler shape consisting of two layers.

Now, let us go further to the components of both machines. Both of them have hardware and software. Computer hardware consists of the components that can be physically handled, which function is typically divided into three main categories: input, output, and storage. Most of the components are in the central processing unit (CPU). CPU of computer usually has a square shape and stands alone but still it is connected to another hardware. A laptop has its CPU in one of the layers. Next, we are talking about the software. A computer has an operating system (OS) which is a software to make the computer works. There are some well-known OSs such as Windows, Mac OSX, Linux, etc. Software is a processor that works as a brain in computer. There are two best processors in the century which are Intel and AMD. Intel has some types such as Atom, Core 2 Duo, Dual Core, Celeron, etc. AMD also has several types like Turion, Venom, Aplon, etc. The processor can influence the work of the computer. Furthermore, there is another important software which is called memory. The physical memory of a computer is random access memory (RAM), which can be read and changed by the user or computer, or read-only memory (ROM), which can be read by the computer but not modified in any way. A computer has tiny computer chips that hold millions of bytes of information. That is RAM. As an additional memory, a computer also has an external memory such as floppy disks (hold about 2 megabytes of information), hard drives  (hold gigabytes of information), compact discs (CDs) (hold about 680 megabytes of information) and digital video discs (DVDs) (hold about 8.5 gigabytes of information). Todays, floppy disks are no longer used because of the limited capacity.

The next is about computer programs. Programs are also the software that you can install in and remove from your computer. When you like to edit some photos, you need to try Adobe Photoshop, Photoscape, and other photo-editing programs. If you want to edit audio, you can use Adobe Audition and Cool Edit Pro. There are some other programs such as Corel Draw, 3D Max, some games, Microsoft Office, Internet Download Manager, Oxford Dictionary, etc. Then, when we are talking about the function of both computer and laptop, both help us very well. We can use them to type, to calculate, to have fun, etc. We can install some programs that can help our work. Also, if we install some games in our computers, we can enjoy the games whenever we want to refresh our mind.

In short, when we set a same adjustment, spesification, and programs in our computer and laptop, we can get the same service from both machines, even though they have different shapes. Thus, we should not think hard about  differences only, but we should consider the similarities between computers and laptops because absolutely they are just the same in function.

by Wahyu Kartika Wienanda

The Comparison and Contrast between Jackets and Jumpers

               Everything in this world which exists in a same class can be compared and contrasted. For an example are jackets and jumpers with clothes as their main class. As we all know, jackets and jumpers are common clothes which are available everywhere. Many Indonesian people love to wear jackets or jumpers, especially when the weather is cold enough to go out. In fact, there is actually similarity between jackets and jumpers in term of their function and contrasts due to the material, the pattern and the model that they have.      

               Firstly, the similarity between the jackets and the jumpers will be explained. The similarity between jackets and jumpers can be seen from the side of their function. Basically, the jackets and the jumpers are clothes which can give us warm, especially when we need to go out in a cold weather. Not just in a cold weather, most Indonesian people wear them at night. They will not go out without jackets or jumpers. Based on my survey, six of eight friends of mine prefer to wear jackets or jumpers every time they go out at night. They believe jackets and jumpers keep them warm. Besides, these clothes also can be used as the teenagers’ styles of clothing. I often see teenagers wear jackets or jumpers in the mall, coffee shop and even in a campus. So, I can conclude that besides keeping us in a warm condition, jackets and jumpers also become the teenagers’ styles of clothing. 

               Secondly, we are going to talk on the contrasts that the jackets and jumpers have. The first contrast comes from the materials used for the jackets and jumpers. Most of jackets are made of thick and rough materials such as leather or jeans but most of jumpers are made of thick and smooth materials such as cotton and wool. From it, we can see that the industries have their preference in choosing the materials. The second contrast is taken from the pattern angle. Jackets have button or zipper with them to connect the front part of the jackets. Otherwise, jumpers do not have any connection part since they are loose just like a sarong. The last contrast is the model. Jackets have more variation in model. They can have a specific and different detail in every single part of jackets. Differently, jumpers cannot have any variation in detail since it is loose clothes. The only variation industries can do for jumpers are the color and an illustration. 

               In conclusion, the jackets and jumpers are two things which have similarity and contrast. These similarity and contrasts can be made since the jackets and jumpers are in the same class. The similarity can be seen from the point of their benefit and several points due to the material, pattern and model that each has can be said as the contrast. We should not differentiate jackets and jumpers too much because they are basically functioned the same. Whether you prefer to wear jackets or jumpers is not really important as long as they can keep you warm.

By Ninuk Retna Sumiarsih

Travelling by Bus or Train, Which One Do You Like Most?

As the students of university, we come from different part of this country. When we want to go home, we take a public transportation to carry us to our destination. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, public transportation is the system of buses, trains, etc provided for people to travel from one place to another. Actually, different person has different idea of what kind of public transportation that he/she wants to choose. However, the most favorite public transportations for the students of University are bus and train. Now, we will look at the advantages and disadvantages by making a comparison-contrast essay. For the similarities, both of bus and train are land transportations, they need some money and they also have a certain place to stop, while their contrasts are the appearance and the time that we should spend to reach our destination place.

Firstly, let us see the similarities. The similarities are very general that almost all people know them. Starting from the type of those public transportations, both of them are land public transportations. Nevertheless, they have special path. The path for the bus is called road, while the path for the train is called railway. The next similarity is about the money. When we are travelling by bus or train, we should spend amount of money. The money that we are spent depends on the distance of our destination place. And the last is both of them have a certain place to stop. Both of bus and train should be stopped for a while in a place named station. The bus should be stopped in the bus station and in the place named halte, while the train should be stopped in the railway station.

Actually, everything in this world beside has many similarities also has many differences. Now, in my explanation below, I try to distinguish the bus and the train from some aspects, their appearance and the time that we should spend to reach our destination place. Let us have a look.

The most dominant thing that differ the bus and the train is that their appearance. The bus is shorter compare with the train. The bus itself has two types, the small bus and the big bus. The small bus could only carry at least 30 passengers and the big bus could carry 60 passengers. All the seats of the bus face to front and the driver is in the front of them. Different from the bus, the train is longer in size and it consists of many coaches. Each coach has many seats and the seats are face to face. The driver of the train are called masinis, he has a special coach in the front. Thus, the train could carry more passengers than the bus do.

The second difference is the time that we should spend to the destination place. In any cases, the bus always needs more time to reach the destination places that we want to go because the route of the bus is longer and sometimes should pass the roads that are always crowded by the people. Moreover, traffic lights and traffics jams could be the other reason why the bus is slower than the train. Contrast with the bus, the train has shorter route because the train has a shortcut way. Besides, the railway where the train passes there is no traffic light and traffic jam at all.

In brief, both of bus and train have their own advantages and disadvantages. Even though they have similarities such as same in type, the money that we should spend and the certain place where they could stop and some differences such as their appearance, and the time that we should spend to reach our destination place it still depends on the person because each person has different opinion and feeling. Therefore, we could decide which public transportation we will use when we are traveling. Just enjoy your traveling the more comfortable one and feel the senses.

written by Rahayu Sekarini

Compare and Contrast Between State University and Private University

A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is a corporation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education. Actually, University was divided into two which are state university and private university. Public or state universities operate in whole or in part on state or federal funds. This means all students regardless of race, religion and gender. Conversely, private institutions may make exemptions, such as women-only campuses, or men-only, and religious schools. In fact, the people have their argument about this issue and about choosing the best of them. As a result, the people fell confuse when they are choose the best of one. This situation is certainly not expected to happen. Because of these problems, we try to find several similarity and contrast of state university and the private university; the similarity of state university and private university is both universities require the student to have a bachelor’s degree but both of them also have differences which are the cost for student, the program available and the standard score for student’s success.

The first similarity of state university and private university is both universities require the student to have a bachelor’s degree. Actually, a bachelor's degree is the first degree a student can receive in his or her academic career, with the exception of the associate’s degree. The bachelor's degree is sometimes awarded after learning an associate’s degree, though it is often the first degree that is gotten. Whether or not an associate’s degree can be gotten first depends upon the area of study. Both of the universities have the same standard to get bachelor degree.

Not only that, state university and private university also have the differences which are the cost that must be paid by the student, the program available and the standard of scoring for student success. The first difference is the cost that must be paid by students. Many people assume a public college is cheaper than a private college because of tuition fees are reduced for state residents. But the posted “sticker price” of a private college is rarely the real price. If a private college strongly appeals to you, consider waiting for its financial aid offer before making a final decision. More often than not, private colleges offer the scholarships and grants that significantly cut your actual cost, even bringing it close to the cost of a public college. Public college cost gets trickier for out-of-state students. Public colleges are largely supported by state taxes. This means that put-of-state students. Whose families have not paid these taxes; usually owe higher tuition than in-state students. Paying out-of-state tuition often put the cost on a par with the cost of private colleges.

The second difference is programs availability. Many private universities do not offer as wide a range of classes and major options as public schools do. If you are looking for a specific major, it will often be harder to find a private school that offers that option and once you do find that university, it may be out of state and therefore out of budget. On the other hand, large public universities are often able to offer a wider range of subjects for you to study as well as more teachers to cover them.

And the last difference is the standard of scoring for students test. Actually, both universities are not the same in scoring for student’s success. For example, the students are learning the same material and taking the same tests, they are getting the different score because the both of the universities have different grade of the test. Actually, what really differs between the two universities is the school atmosphere in which the student learns the material. The students result formed through their school experiences are usually dramatically different.

Based on this explanation above, state university and private university have several similarities and differences. The similarity is both universities require the student to have a bachelor’s degree. And the differences from both of them are the cost for student, the programs available and the standard score for student success. In my conclusion, the effect from the several similarities and differences are to help the students to decrease their problems and to make their learning process joyful. For recommendation, this explanation is about choice and initiative on the parts of the students and the lectures.

 Written by

Umi Nadirotun N

PKBM and Home Schooling

Education has several purposes like earning bread and butter, shelter, clothing, and a good life. Education nowadays is no longer studying in classrooms or doing the experiment in the laboratory, but it also could be done independently. Independently means that education is from, for, and by the society. As the examples are PKBM which stands for Pusat Kegiatan Belajar and Home Schooling. PKBM itself has the meaning, an informal education which is established and managed by the society to improve the knowledge, skills, and behavior of the society in economic, social, and cultural aspect (Accessed on Monday, September 27^th, 2010; www.imadiklus.com). The second form of education is Home Schooling which is the continuous and purposed education that is done by family or parents to learn and teach (Accessed on Sunday, April 18^th, 2010; www.pnfi.depdiknas.go.id). Moreover, let us analyze the similarity between them which is they have the same type of education and the contrast between them, which are; their stakeholders and participants.

Firstly, let us have a look from the type of both education institutions. PKBM and Home Schooling are in the same type of education which is extramural. This alternative education is established by the government to answer the questions about the different opportunities, purposes, and needs that the students have. A student who has the purpose to be an actress probably will choose Home Schooling as his/her choice. Otherwise, for those who do not have enough money to study in the formal one will choose PKBM as their choice. Moreover, the extramural education enables students to study freely without having the strict rule like in the conventional one. Besides, the extramural education offers students to choose which aspect that they want to be expertise in. They can also have the equality examination if they want to continue to the higher level of education. Although PKBM and Home Schooling are managed independently, those two alternatives educations are supervised and allocated the funds by the PNFI which stands for Pendidikan Non Formal Informal (Accessed on Monday, September 27^th, 2010; www.pnfi.depdiknas.go.id).

Subsequently, let us figure out the contrasts between PKBM and Home Schooling in terms of the stakeholders which are involved in. In this case, stakeholders mean the manager or the decision-makers of those institutions. Firstly, let us have a look at PKBM. An institution of PKBM is established, managed, and held by the social community in that environment. PKBM usually is formed by a group of people in an area who cares to its residents and their condition. That social community deals with anything about PKBM from the curricula until the teachers. Secondly, let us have a look at the stakeholder of Home Schooling. If PKBM is held by a social community or more, Home Schooling on the other hand is run by families or parents. From the name of Home Schooling itself, it takes place at the students’ houses. Commonly, parents ask teachers to come to their houses. As the stakeholder of Home Schooling, the parents can manage classes depend on the needs of their children and the curricula that their children want to learn.

Thirdly, let us have a look at the participants of both institutions. The contrasts between PKBM and Home Schooling are really obvious if we have a look at the students’ rate. There are two merits of both institutions. First of all is about the average age of the participants. If we enter a class of PKBM, there will be a lot of students who have reached the productive age, from twenty to forty years old. On the other hand, Home Schooling is full with the students who are in the same age as those who are in the formal one. Second of all, let us analyze about the rate of families. In fact, the students of PKBM are under poverty line. Thus, the orientation of PKBM students is to get the certificate and get the better jobs. In contrast, the students of Home Schooling who come from the better rate of families take Home Schooling as their choice because their parents want to give the intensive education. In some cases, Home Schooling becomes the choice of our teenage celebrities to get the education in their spare time. Thus, the students’ condition determines their needs.

In short, we can conclude that actually both PKBM and Home Schooling not only have the similarity but also several contrasts. They have the similarity in terms of the type of education. Moreover, both of them also have the differences in terms of the stakeholders which take a part in them and the participants or the students of both education institutions. Furthermore, there are several suggestions for the National Education Ministry as the decision-maker of both institutions, two of which are; first, there must the optimal socialization about both education institutions to the society so they know which type of education that suitable for their children and second, the government should allocate the enough fund to support the curriculum, teachers, and management of both education institutions, mainly PKBM. Urgently, The Minister of National Education should carry out those suggestions above by establishing the training and guidance for the teachers, students, and so does the society. To make sure that the fund allocations touch the right targets, the government should place the supervisors in every single regency in Indonesia. Hopefully, by doing those suggestions above, the quantitative and qualitative of our human resources will be improved in the future.   

 Written by

Nurrahma Sutisna P

Public Schools or Homeschooling

Everyone has a right to get education. In Indonesia it is regulated in the constitution which is in “UUD ‘45” section 31. The government obligates 9-years basic education to reach the aims of education itself. This basic education is manifested in elementary and junior high schools. However, today our education is varied by home schooling. Home schooling means learning outside of the public or private school environment. The word "home" is not really accurate, and neither is "school." For most families, their "schooling" involves being out and about each day, learning from the rich resources available in their community, environment, and through interactions with other families who home school (schoolfamilyeducation.com). This is different from public school which can be defined as primary, elementary, secondary school, college, or university that is directly administered under the authority of a governmental body or that receives a predominant amount of its financing from public funds. Thus, the parents are supposed to understand which is more appropriate for their children. Basically, those two school systems are similar. Either public school or homeschooling obviously have the same curriculum. The curriculum is certified and controlled by the government. In this essay, we will talk about the similarity of those two school systems which is the curriculum, Nevertheless, as we may know both still have several differences, included: the flexibility, the teaching method, and the length of study.

Firstly, we will see from the point of similarity. Either homeschooling or public school has no right to produce their own curriculum. As we may know, the curriculum on public school has been provided by the government from kindergarten to senior high school. It is listed in educational guidelines by the Ministry of education. It is included curriculum 2004, KBK, KTSP, etc. Without many differences in the rules of determining the curriculum, homeschooling guideline is also published by the government. It is conformed by the average age of the students. For instance, curriculum for 4-5-years average age, how to fix simple problem, can be seen in Slow and Steady Get Me Ready book by June R Oberlander. Both two systems of education also require holding and passing national examination based on the government education guidelines.

On the other hand, in this essay we also observe the differences among those two systems. The flexibility of the time and place of learning are simply distinguished them. A public school has the strict regulation in time and place. For example, in the senior high school, there is obligated full day school. The students enter the school at seven o’clock and get home in the evening. It is counted in six days a week and only a day for holiday. Afterward, they do not have many choice of place because they can only utilize the room or spot around their school. However, in the homeschooling system, there is flexibility in time and place. The student can easily choose whenever and wherever they want to study. Even, they can study during weekend in the playground or recreation park.

The second difference is that the teaching method which has the significant contrast. Public school method of teaching is mostly used conventional method. People called it a tutorial method. Teacher guide the class as the center of learning process. He/she stands up in front of the class and explains the material to the student. Then, the student is given the assignment based on the material taught either individual or group assignments. Sometimes, the students feel less interesting by doing that kind of study. Nevertheless, home schooling’s method of teaching has a principle “not to be boring”. It is applied in the fun and interesting learning process. The students can have their independent study. By doing that, the students can directly experience the lesson of each learning process at the first time before finally comprehend with that.

Another difference is that the length of study. The length of study in the public school is not as fast as in the homeschooling. In the public school we may believe that everything has been strictly constructed. Thus, the student’s education follows the regulation as well. In 9 years the students only reach the kindergarten, elementary school and junior high school. It is different from those who belong to homeschooling. They can only spend 7 years or ever less than that. It happens because the comprehension of the students is really observed. The students who are very smart and competent in the lesson given can probably jump to the next step easily. For instance, Raffi, one of the homeschooling students, can pass his elementary school only in 5 years (dramaina.com). 

On the other words, we may conclude public school and homeschooling have the differences which are simply recognized. The differences are classified in the terms of flexibility, the teaching method and the length of study. The parents can decide which are more suitable in some particular children. The children who have more interest in active learning system may choose homeschooling to enroll, whereas for those who are not, may choose public school. Therefore, as the parents who recommend our children education, we are supposed to have the basic comprehension about the education and the variety of it.     

 Written by

Orista Vella A

The Traditional Education vs Online Education

Nowadays, education becomes one of the important things in human life. Most of people are aware to obtain the education. Beside that, every country always concern on developing the quality of the education to improve the human resources. If the quality of human resources of a country is good, indeed, the quality of that country will be good too. As the matter of fact, we cannot deny that the improvement of technology really influence the education itself. Last time, before the advance of technology, the implementation of education system is still traditional. But, it is different nowadays. The implementation of the education is not only traditional but also online. Both of them have several similarities and differences;  one similarity in terms of books and paper factors and two differences in terms of cost and level playing field.

Let us first have a look at the similarity. One of the similarities  between traditional education and online education is books and papers factor. For this time, we often think that books and papers are  always deal with traditional education. We consider that schools which implemented this system is leak in terms of technology, so the sources which they use as the references are mostly books, the teachers and the students write their notes in papers. Nevertheless, the teachers and the students who are learning in schools which implemented online education also need books and papers as well. Although most of their references are from internet, they still need the books to enrich their understanding about the subjects they are teaching or learning. Beside that, sometime they also need printout of their works or their references as the evidence. One of the students who are studying in online institution says, ” Are you thinking that if I get myself admitted in a online institutions I won’t have to read any paper back books, it will be wrong. You must have to read the paper books or e-books that will be given by the teachers as a reference book.” (http://online-education-consultant.com/)

Not only the similarity, traditional education and online education also have differences, two of which are cost and level playing field. Now, we are going to the first difference which is deal with cost. The students who attend the school which implemented traditional education will spend much more money. If their house is not near from their school, they will spend their money for buying gasoline for their private transportation. It will be the same if they do not have any private transportation because they have to pay public transportation to go to school. Moreover, if the distance between their house and their school is too far and they do not have any relation, they must rent a house or at least live in a boarding house. That will spend much more money because they have to pay not only for renting or boarding house but also for food. On the other hand, online education is cheaper than traditional education.  For instance, the students who live far from their school do not need to spend a lot of money for transportation. They can study anywhere as long as they have computer and internet access. Beside that, the students from other city or island do not need to live in a boarding house or rent a house and pay for it. They can still live in their house and do not need to buy food for themselves.  

Another difference between traditional education and online education is level playing field. The students of traditional education must come to the class for study. Thus, there are some discrimination in it. It gives the limitation for those who are disabilities to attend the class. Moreover, there are several gaps between students who are different in terms of physical appearance, race, gender, etc. That is why some students fell uncomfortable when they study in class. Not only that, the students who are introvert feel shy to express their idea in front of the class. In contrast to traditional education, there is no discrimination in online education system. “Certain discriminating factors such as age, physical appearance, race, gender, and even disabilities are largely absent from online education classes. Many students find this open and accepting atmosphere very liberating.” (http://www.onlineeducation.com/resources/) As the matter of fact, the students of online education do not need to come to class for studying. Thus, no matter who they are, can study without any burden or feeling shy. They can be active and feel comfort to share their idea in disccussions.

In sum up, there are several similarities and differences between traditional education and online education. One of the similarity is in term of  books and papers factor and two of the differences are in terms of cost and level playing field. However, both of them are still exist today. For those who want to attend the school, they can choose the school which implemented traditional education or online education by considering my explanation above.

Written by

Mega Astya

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